On September 22 Ilya Osterman, a CLS research scientist, gave a lecture “Completely sterile. The mystery of antibiotics’ creation 9 The mystery of creating antibiotics?)” at cultural center Arkhe (Архэ). The lecture is a part of a joint project “Skoltech in Arkhe”. In this lecture he told the history behind discovering two pioneer antibiotics – penicillin and streptomycin. Soon after a wide introduction of these antibiotics into medical practice, bacteria took revenge soon and developed multiple mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Thus, dangerous bacterial infections leading to death despite substantial antibiotic therapy become increasingly common nowadays. Today, scientists use several genomic, microbiological, and biochemical approaches to devise novel antibiotics that may become indispensable in clinical practice and kill even the most resistant bacteria. Some of the novel antibiotics targeting bacterial ribosome in different ways were discovered in Skoltech laboratories by professors Petr Sergiev and Olga Dontsova where Ilya Osterman works. Official page of the event