Skoltech Center for Photonic Science and Engineering | Prof. Franko Küppers, Prof. Arkady Shipulin

Modeling and design of integrated edge-emitting lasers for all-optical signal processing

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Tuomo von Lerber (T.vonLerber@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Lasers are key active components for various photonics applications, such as telecom/datacom, microwave photonics, optical signal processing and optical computing, etc. The modern photonic integration platforms based on III-V semiconductors (InP, InGaAsP, GaAs, etc.) provide a possibility for fully monolithic integration of all optic/photonic functional components – passive, high-frequency optoelectronic, and active. In mass production, this potentially allows minimized costs, footprint, and power consumption, as well as improved or fully novel functionality compared to any other photonic integration platforms.

In the frame of this MSc project, you will work on circuit-level modelling and optimization of edge-emitting integrated lasers (DBR, DFB, ring lasers, Vernier lasers) and optical signal processing systems based on them. The main software to be used for modeling: VPItransmissionMaker Photonic Circuits in combination with Matlab, Python.

The modeling and design problems will include: i) optimization of L-I-V behavior in CW regime; ii) improving bandwidth properties in modulated regime; iii) optimization of the lasers operation in optically coupled and optically injection-locked regimes.

The designed lasers will be fabricated via MPW runs at InP-based technological platforms, and then experimentally tested in order to verify and adjust the developed models to the characteristics of real devices. The final goal is to develop compact models of the designed lasers, which then will be used in the system-level modeling of complex circuits.

Requirements to candidates:

1) Solid knowledge of electromagnetic field and waves theory;

2) Programming skills;

3) Basic knowledge of optics and lasers operation principles;

4) Experience in numerical modeling of optics/photonics (desirable, but not necessary).

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of analytical and numerical modeling and layout design of lasers and other integrated photonic devices, participate in experimental testing, communicate with the EU and Russian foundries, report the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, gain international cooperation network. The further PhD project based on this topic is anticipated.

Pictures from: [3], [4].

References:

M. Smit et al., “An introduction to InP-based generic integration technology,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 29 083001, 2014.
L. M. Augustin et al., “InP-Based Generic Foundry Platform for Photonic Integrated Circuits”, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron 24(1), 2018.
K. Ławniczuk et al., “InP-Based Photonic Multiwavelength Transmitter With DBR Laser Array,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(4), 2013.
V. Pogoretskiy, “Nanophotonic membrane platform for integrated active devices and circuits,” PhD thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2019.

Tunable on-chip Laser Source for optical communication systems

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Wavelength Tunable Laser Sources (TLS) are the key active components for perspective optical telecom/datacom applications. The modern photonic integration platforms based on III-V semiconductors (InP, InGaAsP, GaAs, etc.) provide a possibility for fully monolithic integration of all kind of optic/photonic functional components. In mass production, this potentially allows us to minimize costs, footprint, and power consumption, as well as improve or introduce fully novel functionalities.

In the frame of this MSc project, you will work on functional and structural (design) numerical modelling and optimization of Edge-Emitting Lasers as a light source based on a Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC). For a functional modeling, you will use math packages MatlLab or/and Python. In order to complete a structural design of the lasers, you will utilize standard professional software packages e.g. VPIphotonics, Synopsis.

The suggested work will be performed in the frame of 4-years NTI project on a design, fabrication and testing of a TLS laser on a chip.

The designed PIC based lasers will be fabricated via MPW runs and then experimentally tested in order to verify and adjust the developed design. The final goal is to develop a compact, wavelength tunable laser for PIC based optical communication applications.

Requirements to candidates:

1) University level knowledge of electromagnetic theory.

2) Elementary programming skills in MatLab and/or Python.

3) Basic knowledge of lasers operation principles.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn laser dynamics, various aspects of analytical and numerical modeling of laser dynamics, design of integrated photonics devices for various applications, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and Russian technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is anticipated.

Pictures from: [2], [4].

References:

L. M. Augustin et al., “InP-Based Generic Foundry Platform for Photonic Integrated Circuits”, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron 24(1), 2018.
S. Latkowski et al., “Novel Widely Tunable Monolithically Integrated Laser Source”, IEEE Photonics Journal 7(6), 2015.
K. Ławniczuk et al., “InP-Based Photonic Multiwavelength Transmitter With DBR Laser Array,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(4), 2013.
V. Pogoretskiy, “Nanophotonic membrane platform for integrated active devices and circuits,” PhD thesis, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2019.

Tunable on-chip Laser Source for sensor systems

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Wavelength Tunable Laser Sources (TLS) are the key active components of optical sensing systems for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). The modern photonic integration platforms based on III-V semiconductors (InP, InGaAsP, GaAs, etc.) provide a possibility for both hybrid and fully monolithic integration of all kind of optic/photonic functional components. In mass production, this potentially allows us to minimize costs, footprint, and power consumption, as well as improve or introduce fully novel functionalities.

In the frame of this MSc project, you will work on functional and structural (design) numerical modelling and optimization of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) as a light source in the frame of Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) based devices. For a functional modeling, you will use math packages Matlab or/and Python. In order to complete a structural design of the lasers for PICs, you will utilize standard professional software packages e.g. VPIphotonics, Synopsis.

The suggested work will be performed in the frame of 4-years NTI project on a design, fabrication and testing of a TLS on a chip.

The designed PICs will be fabricated via MPW runs and then experimentally tested in order to verify and adjust the developed design. The final goal is to develop a compact, wavelength tunable laser for PIC based sensing applications in SHM.

Requirements to candidates:

1) University level knowledge of electromagnetic theory.

2) Elementary programming skills in Matlab and/or Python.

3) Basic knowledge of lasers operation principles.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn laser dynamics, various aspects of analytical and numerical modeling of laser dynamics, design of integrated photonics devices for various applications, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and Russian technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is anticipated.

Picture from: [1,4].

References:

Gierl etc., “Surface micromachined MEMS-tunable VCSELs with wide and fast wavelength tuning”, ELECTRONICS LETTERS 27th October 2011 Vol. 47 No. 22.
Sujoy Paul, Vladimir Lyubopytov, Martin Schumann, Julijan Cesar, Arkadi Chipouline, Martin Wegener, Franko Kueppers, „Wavelength-selective orbital-angular-momentum beam generation using MEMS tunable Fabry-Perot filter”, Lett., 41, 3249, 2016.
S. Kaur, A.Z. Subramanian,P. Cardile, R. Verplancke, J. Van Kerrebrouck, S.Spiga, R. Meyer5 J. Bauwelinck, R. Baets,and G. Van Steenberge, Flip-chip assembly of VCSELs to silicon grating couplers via laser fabricated SU8 prisms, OPTICS EXPRESS, 23, No. 22, 2015.
Hong Qiang Li, “Chip-scale demonstration of hybrid III–V/silicon photonic integration for an FBG interrogator”, Vol. 4, No. 7 / July 2017 / Optica.

Autodyne Detection with VCSEL

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of a special sensor technique – autodyne detection, in particular with VCSELs. This method allows us to detect very small vibrations and is used e.g. in area of bio photonics.

The goal is to model analytically and numerically experimental realization of this technique in close cooperation with the group of bio photonics. Based on the created model, the experimental data will be processed and certain recommendations for the experimental set up design will be given. The second goal will be a design for the realization of this method on a chip.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of laser dynamics, sensing, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.V. N. Chizhevsk, „Amplification of an Autodyne Signal in a Bistable Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser with the Use of a Vibrational Resonance“, TECHNICAL PHYSICS LETTERS Vol. 44 No. 1 2018

2.D.U. Fluckiger, R.J. Keyes, and J.H. shapiro, “Optical autodyne detection: theory and experiment”, Applied Optics, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1987

3.Д.А.Усанов, А.В.Скрипаль, «Диагностика нововибраций и микроперемещений элементов микросистемной техники и биообъектов», Микросистемная техника, №10, 2003

Direct Modulation Bandwidth Enhancement with VCSEL

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of direct modulation of VCSEL. The problems with direct modulation at high frequencies (5 GHz and higher) are connected with (i) comparable internal relaxation times with the inverse frequency and (ii) Henry factor causing extra phase modulation. One of the method to mitigate these factor is the injection locking (IL) with external CW narrowband signal. The goal is to investigate numerically the feasibility of the quality improvement of the modulated output signal by an IL. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using standard numerical packages for a PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Devang Parekh, «Optical Injection Locking of Vertical Cavity Surface- Emitting Lasers: Digital and Analog Applications», Technical Report, 2012

2.Nader A. Naderi, et. Al., „Modeling the Injection-Locked Behavior of a Quantum Dash Semiconductor Laser “, IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 15, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2009

3.Chih-Hao Chang, “Injection Locking of VCSELs”, IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 9, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2003

4.Ahmad Hayat, Alexandre Bacou, Angélique Rissons and Jean-Claude Mollier, «Optical Injection-Locking of VCSELs», Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices

Double Wavelength VCSEL Generation and Phase Locking

Game of Life with VCSEL

Nanolaser/spaser modelling

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Nanophotonics appeared to be the most exciting breakthrough of the last decade(s). A huge number of new ideas tend to change the technologic landscape and qualitatively improve the parameters of the photonics based devices and components. One of the mostly intriguing idea is to build a laser with the sizes less than half of the wavelength of generation. Moreover, there is a possibility to build a laser generating the coherent light in nearfield only – anapole laser.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of the nanolaser combining Mie theory for the description of the eigen mode structure and density matrix for the active media dynamics. The goal is to create an adequate model for the nanolaser dynamics and investigate feasibility of an anapole nanolaser. The second goal is to make a numerical model realizing this concept on a chip (photonic integrated circuit – PIC) using standard numerical packages for a PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools related to nanophotonics, PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Ren-Min Ma and Rupert F. Oulton , «Applications of nanolasers», Nature Nanotechnology | VOL 14 | JANUARY 2019 | 12–22

2.David J. Bergman and Mark I. Stockman, “Surface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation: Quantum Generation of Coherent Surface Plasmons in Nanosystems”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 027402 – Published 14 January 2003

3.M. A. Noginov, et. Al., “Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser”, Nature volume460, pages1110–1112 (27 August 2009)

4.A. Miroshnichenko, et. al., “Observation of an anapole with dielectric nanoparticles”, NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, 6:8069, 2015

Metasurface for vortices DEMUX

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Nanophotonics appeared to be the most exciting breakthrough of the last decade(s). A huge number of new ideas tend to change the technologic landscape and qualitatively improve the parameters of the photonics based devices and components. Metasurfaces are the nanostructured surfaces able to manipulate the light properties.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling and design of a metasurfaces separating beams with different optical angular momenta (OAM) – vortices. The problem of effective separation of the vortices with different OAM on a chip allows us to increase the information capacity multiple times. The goals of the work are (i) to investigate numerically the feasibility to incorporate the metasurface on a chip and (ii) to create practical design of the DEMUX in form of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) using the standard numerical packages for a PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools related to nanophotonics, PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Amr M. Shaltout, Alexander V. Kildishev, and Vladimir M. Shalaev, , «Evolution of photonic metasurfaces: from static to dynamic», Vol. 33, No. 3 / March 2016 / Journal of the Optical Society of America B

2.Yuchao Zhang, Xiaodong Yang & Jie Gao, “Orbital angular momentum transformation of optical vortex with aluminum metasurfaces”, Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 9133 (2019)

3.Nenad Bozinovic, et. Al., “Terabit-Scale Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Division Multiplexing in Fibers”, SCIENCE VOL 340 28 JUNE 2013

4.Arkadi Chipouline, Franko Küppers, “Analytical qualitative modelling of passive and active metamaterials”, JOSA B, Vol. 34, Issue 8, pp. 1597-1623, 2017.

Narrow Linewidth VCSEL

Background:

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of the method of narrowing of the linewidth of a VCSEL. The typical values for the VCSEL linewidth is tens of MHz, while for applications in coherent communication the linewidth has to be better than 300 kHz. One of the method is to couple a VCSEL with an external high-Q resonator e.g. micro resonator on a chip. The goal is to investigate numerically the feasibility of this approach and give respective recommendations for practical designs. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using the standard numerical packages for this PIC design.The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Tuomo von Lerber, et. Al, , «All-optical majority gate based on an injection-locked laser», Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 14576 (2019)2.Dimitris Alexandropoulos, J. Scheuer, M. J. Adams, “Vertical Cavities and Micro-Ring Resonators”, Semiconductor Modeling Techniques pp 225-2543.P. Signoret, et. Al., “3.6-MHz Linewidth 1.55-m Monomode Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser”, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 13, NO. 4, APRIL 20014.Darwin K. Serkland, et. Al., „Final Report on LDRD Project: Narrow-Linewidth VCSELs for Atomic Microsystems “,

Vortices on chip

Optical Computing with VCSEL

Optical Memory with VCSEL

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of two optically coupled VCSEL with external injection locking. The system of two coupled lasers exhibits bi-stable behavior, and the external IL can switch the system between them. The goal is to investigate numerically the feasibility of such system, optimize operational parameters, and estimate limitations for practical realization. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a PIC realizing the concept of an optical memory using standard numerical packages for a PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Tuomo von Lerber, et. Al, , «All-optical majority gate based on an injection-locked laser», Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 14576 (2019)

2.Ahmad Hayat, Alexandre Bacou, Angélique Rissons and Jean-Claude Mollier, « Optical Injection-Locking of VCSELs », Advances in Optical and Photonic Devices, Book edited by: Ki Young Kim

3.Rainer Michalzik, “VCSELs.: fundamentals, Technology and Applications of Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers”, Springer Series on Optical Sciences, 2013

4.Chin-Hui Chen, et. al., “All-optical memory based on injection-locking bistability in photonic crystal lasers”

Orthogonal Information Channel DEMUX with VCSEL

Supervisors:Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of the special modulation formats for fiber optic communication systems – orthogonal multiplication. It assumes independent phase and amplitude modulations resulting in two independent information channels. This technology allows us to double information capacity keeping the same network infrastructure. The only extra part, separating the phase and amplitude modulations, has to be inserted. The main goal of the MS Thesis is to model the scheme for the phase-amplitude separation, based on special operation mode of VCSEL. Based on the obtained results, the respective recommendations for the design of the scheme have to be given. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of this scheme in form of a PIC using standard numerical packages for a PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Franko Kueppers, et. Al., „Phase And Amplitude Coding Separation Based On The Injection‐Locked Single‐Mode VCSEL “, Pacific Rim Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO-Pacific Rim) 2017, At Singapore, Volume: P3-160

2.Arkadi Chipouline, et. al., “Injection-Locked Single-Mode VCSEL for Orthogonal Multiplexing and Amplitude Noise Suppression”, 2017 European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and European Quantum Electronics Conference (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper CI_4_4

3.E.K. Lau, L.J. Wong, and M.C. Wu, “Enhanced Modulation Characteristics of Optical Injection-Locked Lasers: A Tutorial,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 15(3), 618-633 (2009)

4.Lei Deng, et. al., “All-VCSEL Transmitters With Remote Optical Injection for WDM-OFDM-PON”, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 26, NO. 5, MARCH 1, 2014

On-chip interrogator for Structural Health Monitoring

Polarization Locking & Switching with VCSEL

Supervisors:Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of the injection locking with external signal with certain polarization state and switching by the external signal of the polarization state of the output, locked signal. The respective numerical model is the point like one extending the famous Lang-Kobayashi set of equations on the internal polarization dynamics. The goal is to investigate numerically the feasibility of the mentioned problem and give the respective recommendations for the practical designs. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using standard numerical packages for a PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Wei Li Zhang, et. Al., „Polarization Switching and Hysteresis of VCSELs With Time-Varying Optical Injection “, IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 14, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2008

2.Ignace Gatare, “Polarization Switching, Locking and Synchronization in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) with optical injection”

3.M. Sciamanna, et. al., “Polarization synchronization in unidirectionally coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with orthogonal optical injection”, PHYSICAL REVIEW E 75, 056213 2007

4.Florian Denis-le Coarer, et. al., “Injection locking and polarization switching bistability in a 1550nm-VCSEL subject to parallel optical injection”

Polarization switching by direct modulation in VCSEL

Supervisors:Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of the direct modulation of VCSEL by an external current. The goal is to investigate numerically the feasibility of the polarization switching of the output optical signal of a VCSEL by a direct modulation of the pump current and give the respective recommendations for the VCSEL designs. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using standard numerical packages for a PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Salam Nazhan, et. al., “Investigation of polarization switching of VCSEL subject to intensity modulated and optical feedback”, Optics & Laser Technology Volume 75, December 2015, Pages 240-245

2.Cristina Masoller, Maria Susana Torre, and K. Alan Shore, “Polarization Dynamics of Current-Modulated Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers”, IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 43, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2007

3.Chang-An He, et. al., “Frequency-induced polarization switching and bistability in a 1550 nm VCSEL subject to parallel optical injection”, Optical Review February 2019, Volume 26, Issue 1, pp 95–102

4.J. Martı´n-Regalado, et. al., “Polarization switching in vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers observed at constant active region temperature”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 (25), 23 June 1997

QKD Nonlinear Impairments

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Quantum methods providing information protection are unbreakable and hence of great interest for the Internet of Things initiative e.g. for the transmission of medical personal records. Implementation of these methods has to be done with the minimum changes of the existing telecom infrastructure, which is stipulated by business requests. Propagation of a single photon in the standard communication grid (e.g. when Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) channel occupies one in C-band) can be significantly impaired by parasitic photons generated by nonlinear effects caused by the presence of classical information channels.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of the propagation of a QKD channel accompanied by a standard C-band grid. The goal is to investigate numerically the feasibility of reliable detection of the QKD signal in noise environment caused by nonlinear interaction of the information channels. Practical methods of the nonlinear effects mitigation have to be quantified and suggested for practical implementation.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, basics of quantum and nonlinear optics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods accepted in numerical modelling of the fiber optic communication lines, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Aleksic S, et. Al., „Perspectives and limitations of QKD integration in metropolitan area networks “, Opt Express. 2015 Apr 20;23(8):10359-73

2.T E Chapuran, et. al., “Optical networking for quantum key distribution and quantum communications”, New Journal of Physics 11 (2009) 105001

3.Federico Pederzolli, et. al., “Optimization of Secure Quantum Key Distribution Backbones in Core Transport Networks”, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2019), paper Th1G.3

VCSEL 3D Design

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of the VCSEL for telecom. The typical commercial available VCSELs use 850 nm and O optical bands, while for coherent communication applications it is better to use C band. One the other hand VCSELs devices allow to be directly modulated with broadband signals and high-frequency influence and matching are strongly desired. The goal is to investigate numerically the feasibility VCSEL 3D modeling with high-frequency part and temperature influence as well as give respective recommendations for parameters optimization and perspective applications. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using the standard numerical packages for this PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.M.Y. Belkin, V.P. Yakovlev, «VICSELONICS – the new area of optoelectronic radio signal processing», Photonics, #3, 51, 2015

2.Arkadi Chipouline, et. al., „Applications of VCSELs in optical transmission lines and vortex generation”, Invited, Laser Optics, 2016.

3.Silvia Spiga, et. al., “Single-Mode High-Speed 1.5-µm VCSELs”, JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 35, NO. 4, FEBRUARY 15, 2017

4.Fumio KOYAMA, “Advances and New Functions of VCSEL Photonics”, OPTICAL REVIEW Vol. 21, No. 6 (2014)

MEMS tunable VCSEL for OCT, non-coherent OC, MWP and sensing

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on modelling of the VCSEL for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), non-coherent optical communication (OC), microwave photonics (MWP) and sensing. State of the art tunable VCSELs especially at 1550nm show tuning ranges limited to several nm, low output powers or need an external optical pump. The implementation of high performance electrically pumped single-mode MEMS allow to tune VCSEL device with a record tuning range more than 100 nm, realized without wafer-bonding or -gluing and enabling a cost-effective mass production. The idea is to optimize design of tunable VCSEL, give respective recommendations for manufacturing and commercialization. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using the standard numerical packages for this PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.C. Gierl, et. Al, , «Surface micromachined tunable 1.55 µm-VCSEL with 102 nm continuous single-mode tuning», 29 August 2011 / Vol. 19, No. 18 / OPTICS EXPRESS 17336

2.Sujoy Paul, et. al., “10 Gbit/s Direct Modulation of Widely Tunable 1550 nm MEMS VCSEL”, JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, 2015

3.Demis D. John, et. al., “Wideband Electrically Pumped 1050-nm MEMS-Tunable VCSEL for Ophthalmic Imaging”, JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 33, NO. 16, AUGUST 15, 2015

Integration of VCSEL onto Photonic Integrated Circuit

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) in the range of telecom wavelengths around 1,5 µm possess really attractive for multiple applications properties, for example smaller footprint, lower power consumptions, high frequency direct modulation etc.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on modelling of the VCSEL with the combination of photonic integrated circuits (PIC). It assumes investigation of photonic-electronic integration on different platforms (Si, InP) for multichannel high-data transmission and sensing applications. The idea is to optimize design of VCSEL array onto PIC, give respective recommendations for manufacturing and commercialization. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using the standard numerical packages for this PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, laser dynamics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods and tools for VCSELs and PICs designs, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Huihui Lu, et. Al, , «Flip-chip integration of tilted VCSELs onto a silicon photonic integrated circuit », Vol. 24, No. 15 | 25 Jul 2016 | OPTICS EXPRESS 16258

2.Princeton Optronics, Inc, “Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Technology”, Electronics Drive * Mercerville, New Jersey 08619

3.Francisco M. Soares, et. al., “InP-Based Foundry PICs for Optical Interconnects”, Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1588

4.Meint Smit,a) Kevin Williams, and Jos van der Tol, “Past, present, and future of InP-based photonic integration”, APL Photon. 4, 050901 (2019

Optical MEMS tunable BandPass Filter

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) provide a useful tuning mechanism for integrated optics devices. The integration of optical waveguides on a silicon or indium phosphide substrate permits a wide variety of optical communication and sensing devices. Joint combination of integrated optical devices within MEMS environment lead to a wide range of new applications, such as tunable optical filter being crucial components of any modern low and high-speed optical devices and systems.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of integrated optical MEMS tunable Bandpass Filter (BPF) for optical communication and sensor applications accompanied by a standard C-band grid. The goal is to optimize design of such optical MEMS filter based on different platforms (Si, InP), give respective recommendations for manufacturing and commercialization. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using the standard numerical packages for this PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, basics of quantum and nonlinear optics, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods accepted in numerical modelling of the fiber optic communication lines, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Vladimir S. Lyubopytov, et. Al, , «Simultaneous wavelength and orbital angular momentum demultiplexing using tunable MEMS-based Fabry-Perot filter », Vol. 25, No. 9 | 1 May 2017 | OPTICS EXPRESS 9634

2.Kyoungsik Yu, et. al., “Tunable Optical Bandpass Filter WithVariable-Aperture MEMS Reflector”, JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 24, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2006

3.M. Datta, et. al., “Wavelength-selective integrated optical MEMS filter in InP”, 18th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, 2005. MEMS 2005

4.U. Poorna Lakshmi, et. al., “MEMS tunable SOI waveguide Bragg grating flter with 1.3 THz tuning range for C‑band 100 GHz DWDM optical network”, Photonic Network Communications, 2019

VCSEL & MRR based OptoElectronic Oscillator

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Generation of high frequency and ultra-low phase noise microwave signal using an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is considered an effective solution, which can find numerous applications such as in wireless communications, satellite communications, sensing, 5G/6G, and microwave photonics. To ensure an OEO operates in single mode, a high-Q bandpass filter must be used. Joint combination of direct modulated lasers (VCSELs) within MicroRing Resonators (MRR) on Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) gives an opportunity to create compact, low power, tunable and mass product devices on one chip.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of tunable OEO based on VCSEL and MRR for different applications which in turn requires precision high-frequency signals. The goal is to optimize design of such OEO based on different platforms (Si, InP), give respective recommendations for manufacturing and commercialization. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using the standard numerical packages for this PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods accepted in numerical modelling of the fiber and integrated optic communication lines, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Weifeng Zhang and Jianping Yao, „A Silicon Photonic Integrated Frequency-Tunable Optoelectronic Oscillator “, 2017 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP)

2.Jian Tang, et. al., “Integrated Optoelectronic Oscillator”, Optics Express Vol. 26, Issue 9, pp. 12257-12265 (2018)

3.Afshin S. Daryoush, et. al., “Optoelectronic Oscillators: Recent and Emerging Trends”

VCSEL & IL/CL OptoElectronic Oscillator

Supervisors: Prof. Franko Küppers (f.kueppers@skoltech.ru), Prof. Arkady Shipulin (a.shipulin@skoltech.ru)

Background:

Generation of high frequency and ultra-low phase noise microwave signal using an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is considered an effective solution, which can find numerous applications such as in wireless communications, satellite communications, sensing, 5G/6G, and microwave photonics. Joint combination of direct and external modulated lasers placed on Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) gives an opportunity to create compact, low power, tunable and mass product devices on one chip.

In the frame of the proposed MS Thesis, you will work on numerical modelling of tunable OEO based on VCSEL, impulse and continuous wave lasers (IL/CL) for different applications which in turn requires precision high-frequency signals. The goal is to optimize design of such OEO based on different platforms (Si, InP), give respective recommendations for manufacturing and commercialization. The second goal is to make a numerical model for the design of a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) realizing this concept using the standard numerical packages for this PIC design.

Learning Outcome:

You will learn various aspects of communication technologies, analytical, theoretical, and numerical methods accepted in numerical modelling of the fiber and integrated optic communication lines, interact with experimental groups, communicate with the EU and native technological centers, generate reports, present the results at regular internal meetings and conferences, and gain international network. The PhD thesis based on this topic is forecasted.

References:

1.Afshin S. Daryoush, et. al., “Optoelectronic Oscillators: Recent and Emerging Trends”

2.Xihua Zou, et. al., “Optoelectronic Oscillators (OEOs) to Sensing, Measurement, and Detection”, IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 52, NO. 1, JANUARY 2016

3.М.Белкин, А.Лопарев, “Оптоэлектронный генератор – первое практическое устройство свч-оптоэлектроники”, ЭЛЕКТРОНИКА: Наука, Технология, Бизнес 6/2010

4.Paul Devgan, “A Review of Optoelectronic Oscillators for High Speed Signal Processing Applications”, ISRN Electronics, 2013